Web Sage primers on energy and the environment

Understanding climate systems
The earth's climate system consists of five major sub-systems that intereact with one another in highly complex ways. Understanding these systems is essential to understanding climate modelling.

Evaluating Climate Models
A major difficulty in confronting the climate change story is the sheer complexity of climate modeling. Models take into account the five major components of the earth’s climate system: the atmosphere, the hydrosphere (oceans, rivers and lakes), the cryosphere (polar regions), the land surface and the biosphere (plants and animals) — and all of the interactions between them.

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